Dental Mnemonics

Here are certain Mnemonics which i have found over the net and jotted them down onto this one place for a quick review just before the exam day. These are a mix of all subjects
i ll keep updating this blog with new Mnemonics on the top, so keep visiting for new Mnemonics :)

Updated 2/05/2014 Eruption of permanent teeth

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine"

1st Molar - 6 yrs
1st Incisor - 7 yrs
2nd Incisor - 8yrs
1st Premolar - 9yrs
2nd Premolar - 10yrs
Canine - 11 yrs
2nd Molar - 12yrs
3rd Molar - 18 - 25 yrs


Dyspepsia symptoms

ALARM Symptoms

• Anaemia (iron deficiency)
• Loss of weight
• Anorexia
• Recent onset of progressive symptoms
• Melaena / haematemesis

• Swallowing difficulty

If dyspepsia and either >55yrs or ALARM Symptoms then ENDOSCOPY

Syphilis characterized by 4 stages-primary ,secondary ,latent ,tertiary!!

Primary syphilis-PRAISE
P-painless lesion
R-regional lymphadenopathy
A-cArtilagenous consistency of lesion
... I-indurated lesion
S-single lesion
E-exudation with discharging serous fluid

Secondary-CAMP
C-condylomata lata
A-associated lesions(opthalmic,osseous,meningeal)
M-mucocutaneous lesion,mucous patches
P-pruritic papules

Latent-+ve serology;no clinical manifestation

Tertiary-CLASS
C-cardiovascular disorder
L-late benign sypillis(gummata)
A-asymptomatic nuerosyphilis
S-symptomatic nuerosyphillisS-single lesionE-exudation with discharging serous fluid

Ulcerative colitis (UC) complications

How To Perform Gi Colonoscopy

• Haemorrhage

• Toxic megacolon

• Perforation / Pseudopolyps

• Gallstones / Gangrene

• Colorectal carcinoma (if extensive and lasting >10 years)
• 
  
  (UC features)

ULCERS IN ABDomen

• Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal)
• Large intestine involved (rectum always involved)
• Clubbing of fingers
• Extra-intestinal manifestations (e.g. Erythema nodosum)
• Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps)
• Stools bloody

• Inflamed, red granular mucosa/submucosa
• Neutrophil invasion

• Abscesses in crypts
• Biochemical markers of inflammation e.g. ESR raised
• Diarrhoea (esp. in pancolitis)

Ulcerative colitis treatment options

SAACS

• Steroids – oral prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone if severe
• 5-Aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) e.g. mesalazine, sulfasalazine
• Azathioprine (immunosuppressant)
• Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant)
• Surgery if perforation, cancer or poor response to medical therapy

Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact

• Aldosterone antagonist

• Addison’s disease

• Acidosis

• ACE inhibitors

• Angiotensin receptor blocker

• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilize the action potential of the cell membrane.

How Gastroenterology Doctors Visualise Inside The Duodenum

• Haematemesis
• Gastric biopsy (?cancer)
• Dyspepsia
• Vomiting, persistent
• Iron-deficiency anaemia
• Therapeutic e.g. banding, sclerotherapy, stent, laser therapy
• Duodenal biopsy

LYMPHOMA TREATMENT:

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
ABVD

• Adriamycin
• Bleomycin
• Vinblastine
• Dacarbazine

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
R-CHOP

• Rituximab
• Cyclophosphamide
• Hydroxydaunorubicin
• Oncovin (Vincristine)
• Prednisolone

Splenomegaly cause
CHINA

• Congestion – portal hypertension
• Haematological – haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell disease
• Infection – malaria, EBV, CMV, HIV
• Neoplasm – CML, myelofibrosis, lymphoma
• Autoimmune – RA, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis

Causes of Massive splenomegaly (three M’s):

• chronic Myeloid leukaemia
• Myelofibrosis
• Malaria

CANCER, NINE WARNING SIGNS

CAUTION

C hange in blood bowel or bladder habits

Anemia (unexplained)

U nsual bleeding or discharge, Unexplained weight loss

T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere

I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing

O bvious change in wart or mole

N agging cough or hoarseness, No healing of sore.

Non GIT causes of Vomiting :

ABCDEFGHI:
Acute renal failure
Brain [increased ICP]
Cardiac [inferior MI]
DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.] Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]

Cardiovascular risk factors

FLASH BODIES:

Family history
Lipids
Age
Sex
Homocystinaemia
Blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis
Exercise
Smoking

Causes of gastric carcinoma

JAPAN'S SHAME:

Japanese

A Blood group

Pernicious anemia

Anemia-chronic atrophic gastritis

Nitrates

Smoked,Salted food,Scurvy,Surgery gastric

H.pylori

Adenomatous polyp

Menetrier's disease:glanduar hyperplasia

Drugs causing pancreatitis

GLAD Organ Pancreas iS Traumatised n Destroyed Very Much

Glucocorticoids

L-asparaginase

Alcohol

Diuretics

Ocp's

Pentamidine

Sulfonamides

Didanosine

Tetracyclines

Valproate

Methyldopa

Neurology 1

Absent ankle jerks but extensor plantars Sex can make the F*ing ankles Dorsiflex
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Conus Medullaris
Motor Neurone disease
Tabes dorsalis
Fredreich’s Ataxia
Diabetic neuropathy

Altered Mental State AEIOU TIPS
Alcohol (drugs), Endocrine, Insulin, Opiates, Ureamia
Toxins / trauma / tumour, Infections, Psychosis / Porphyria, SOL / stroke / seizure / shock

Cerebellar signs VANISH DDT
Vertigo, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Intention tremor, Slurred speech, Hypotonia
Dysdiadocokinesia, Dysmetria, Titubation
or PINARDS
Past-pointing, Intention tremor, Nystagmus, Ataxia, Rebound, Dysdiad, Slurred Speech
Confusion DIM FACES
Drugs / Dehydration, Infection, Metabolic / MI,
Fracture / Failure, Alcohol / Anaemia, CVA, Electrolyte disturbances, S.O.L.

Dystrophia Myotonica BIG CHIPS
Balding (frontal), Intellectual impairment, Glucose intolerance
Cataracts / Cardiomyopathy, Handshake / Hyporeflexia, ↓IgG, Ptosis, Small gonads

Mononeuritis Multiplex DRAW CLAPS
DM, RA, AIDS, Wegeners
Carcinomatosis / Churg-Strass, Leprosy, Amyloid, PAN, SLE

Multiple sclerosis CURSED HIV
Cerebellar signs, UMNL, Retrobulbar neuritis, Spastic paraparesis, Euphoria
Dementia / Depression / Diplopia
Horners, Incontinence, Vertigo / Vomiting

Muscles supplied by Median Nerve LOAF
Lumbricales, Opp pollicus, Abd pollicus, Flex pollicus brevis

Neuropathic Ulcers TADS
Tabes Dorsalis, Alcohol, DM, Syringomyelia

Parkinsons PARKINSONS
Pill rolling, akinesia, rigidity, kyphosis, instability, neck titubation, shuffling gait,
occulogyric crisis, nose tap (glabellar), small writing

Peripheral neuropathy DANG THE PAPIST
DM, Alcohol, Nutrition (B1, B2, B12), Guillian Barre
Trauma, Hereditary, Environmental (lead, drugs)
Paraneoplastic, Amyloid, Porphyria, Inflammatory, Syphilis, Tumours of nerves (HMSN)

Polyneuropathy VITAMINS
Vit def / vasculitides, infection (TB, leprosy, syphillis, polio)
Toxins (amiodarone, antiseptics, INH, lead, metronidazole, phenytoin, vincristine)
Amyloid, Metabolic (alcohol, DM, ↑thyroid, porphyria, liver & renal failure),
Idiopathic / Inherited, Neoplasm, Systemic (SLE, PAN, multiple myeloma)

clinical features 4 tension pnemothorax

5 T
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Tympanic note on percussion
Total absence of breath sounds
Tracheal shift

Compliance of lungs factors

COMPLIANCE:

Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema

International Color Coding IV Canula (size order)!

Oh God. Why Goku Punched Bulma Yesterday.

Orange 14 G
Grey 16 G
White 17 G
Green 18 G
Pink 20 G
Blue 22 G
Yellow 24 G

Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)

[[ DRUGS (ABC) FAILED Helping Him ]]

DRUGS (ABC) :
- Alcohol
- carbamazepine

FAILED :
- respiratory failure
- liver failure
- renal failure

Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]]
- hypoglycemia
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia

Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]]
- intracerebral hemorrhage
- subarachinoid hemorrhage
- subdural hematoma

- Barbiturate

Beneficial actions due to PG synthesis inhibition
 
5 A's
Analgesia : Prevention of pain nerve ending sensitizationAntipyresis Antiinflammatory Antithrombotic Arteriosus-Ductus closure in Newborns (Its infact Ductus Arteriosus but to fit in mnemonic Arteriosus ductus is used here)

Xylocaine: Where not to use with Adrenaline?
"Digital PEN"
Digits (Fingers and toes)
Penis Ear Nose tip
Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction which helps to trap Xylocaine (anaesthetic) locally prolonging its duration of action. The two are not used together at sites supplied by end arteries as the vasoconstriction produced by adrenaline can cause ischemic necrosis of the tissues. Adrenaline is also referred to as Epinephrine.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnostic criteria

MD SOAP BRAIN

• Malar rash – butterfly rash, sparing of nasolabial folds
• Discoid rash – basement membrane involved, may cause scarring

• Serositis – pleuritis/pericarditis
• Oral ulcers
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) – very sensitive test
• Photosensitivity – skin rash to sunlight

• Blood – haemolytic anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia
• Renal disorder – proteinuria and cell casts
• Arthritis – symmetrical, involving 2+ small or large peripheral joints
• Immunological disorder – anti-dsDNA
• Neurological – seizures, psychosis

STRUCTURES THROUGH SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

LOT of FANs for OPHTHALMIC MEN.. L-lacrimal nerve O-oculomotor nerve T-trochlear nerve F-frontal nerve A-abducens nerve Ns-nasociliary nerve OPHTHALMIC-ophthalmic veins(sup.&inf.) MEN-meningeal br.of Lacrimal Artery -middle meningeal anastomotic br

Branches of Facial Nerve:

 Great Nerve Cut Can Produce Motor Palsy. 

G- Greater superficial petrosal nerve

N- Nerve to stapedius

C- Corda tympani

C- Communicating branch

P- Posterior auricular nerve

M- Muscular branches to stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

P- Peripheral branches

Functions of lateral v/s medial pterygoid muscles

Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of lateral or medial!
La: your jaw is open now ,so lateral opens mouth
Me :your jaw is still closed ,so medial closes the mandible

Vein without valve

I-internal jugular v. ,

P-pulmonary.v ,

S-superior venacava,

S-sinuses of brain

Retro-Peritoneal Organs

RAPID SUCK

R=Rectum (2/3)
A=Abdominal Aorta
P=Pancreas
I=Inferior Venacava
D=Duodenum

S=Supra-renal Gland
U=Ureter
C=Colon(ascending & descending )
K=Kidney

Inferior Vena Cava tributaries

'' I Like To Rise So High''

I- Illiacs
L- Lumber
T- Testicular
R- Renel
S- Supra renel
H- hepatic vein

Internal jugular vein: tributaries

 ” Medical Schools Let Confident People In”:

From inferior to superior:
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
Inferior petrosal sinus

Horner's Syndrome: Components

SAMPLE:

Sympathetic chain injury
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Ptosis
Loss of ciliospinal reflex
Enophthalmos

Branches of Subclavian Artery

VITamin C,D

V-vertebral artery
I- internal thoracic artery
T- thyrocervical trunk
(VIT-frm 1st part in both sides)
C- costocervical trunk (frm 1st part in left; frm 2nd part in right)
D- dorsal scapular artery (frm 3rd part)

G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia

AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid)

BUN:creatinine elevation: causes

ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)

Porphyrias

5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs

Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right

"CADET":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

Fabry's disease

FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses

Diabetes- complications KNIVES
Kidney, Neuropathy, Infection, Vascular, Eyes, Skin lesions

Hypoglycaemia RE-EXPLAIN 
Renal failure, exogenous, pituitary, liver failure, alcohol, infection, neoplasm (insulinoma)

Phaeochromocytoma 4Ps
Pain, pallor, palpitations, perspiration

Down syndrome pathology

DOWN:

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal)

One extra chromosome twenty-one

Women of advanced age

Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis

Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptake

BRICKLE

B for brain R for RBCs

I intestine
C cornea
K kidney
L liver
E excercising sk muscle

Blood Clotting Factors

"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas Some People Have Fallen"


Factor I = Fibrinogen
Factor II = Prothrombin
Factor III = Tissue factor
Factor IV = Calcium
Factor V = Labile factor
Factor VI - Does not exist as it was named initially but later on discovered not to play a part in blood coagulation.
Factor VII = Stable factor
Factor VIII = Antihemophilic factor A
Factor IX = Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor (named after the first patient in whom the factor deficiency was documented)
Factor X = Stuart Prower factor
Factor XI = Antihemophilic factor C
Factor XII = Hageman factor Factor
XIII = Fibrin stabilising factor 

Citric Acid Cycle

Can - citrate
I - isocitrate
Keep - ketoglutarate
Selling - succinyl CoA
Smile - succinate
For - fumarate
Money - malate
Officer? - oxaloacetate 

Hyperthyroidism Signs and SymptomsTHYROIDISM

Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning (fatiguability)
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea/ amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat Diarrhoea
Irritability
Sweating
Muscle wasting & weight loss

Alkalosis vs Acidosis Direction of pH and HCO

ROME:

Respiratory= Opposite:
· pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).

Metabolic= Equal: · pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis) 

Bilirubin levels increase causes:"HOT Liver"

Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease 

Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient

PH
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase

vental mesentry : forms LOF ( Ligament teres , Lesser Omentum, Falciform ligament )

hypersensitivity reactions :
ACID
type I : (A)naphylactic
type II : (c)ytotoxic
type III : (I)mmune complex
type IV : (d)elayed hypersensitivity

Functions of thalamic nuclei (Lateral to Look; Median for Music)
1. Lateral Geniculate nucleus - Visual
2. Median geniculate nucleus - Auditory


Neuroectoderm derivatives:: neurosurgeon is a OPANAR of CNS 

O: Oligodentrocytes
P: Pineal gland
N: Neurohypophysis
A: Astrocytes
R: Retina and optic nerve


Superior mediastinum contents:::::
PVT Left BATTLE---
Phrenic nerve
Vagus
Thoracic duct
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic vein
Aortic arch and its 3 branches
Thymus
Trachea
Lymph nodes
Esophagus
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM sructures---
there r four birds--
esophaGOOSE(esophagus)
vaGOOSE nerve
azyGOOSE vein
thoracic DUCK(duct)
The four fates of Pyruvate: GALA

Glucose
Alanine
Lactate
Acetyl Co-A
Parotid gland: Secretomotor pathway

" IT has Lesser Options Anywhere "
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Tympanic branch of 9th nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Otic ganglion
Auriculotemporal nerve
Classification of GLUTSGLUT 1 : R.B.Cs and BBB ,
GLUT2 : liver , low affinity , high km , high Vm ,
GLUT3: NEURONS ,,
GLUT4: skeletal muscle , adipose tissue , regulated by insulin . ,
GLUT5 : transport fructose into intestine and testis 


pituitary gland hormons: GP FLAT: it is for acidophilic and basophilic hormones so it gonna be (Gp.A.) ( B.FLAT)
 saturated FA: ABC ( Arachidic acid. Butyric,Caproic and capric )segmental RNA :: BOAR ( Bunyavirus , Ortho , Arena , Reo )
major mineral ::: 2P 2S 2C
phosphate , phosphor , sulfer , sodium , choline and calcium(A)ndy (E)ats (G)lucose & (C)alcium and gets fat . for fat soluble hormones .
ANDROGEN
ESTROGEN
GLUCOCORTICOID
CALCITEROL
Go Have Some Pizza 
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
Genioglossus
Hyoglo
Styloglo
Palatoglo"CUT down the pyramids" cytosine, uracil, and thymine are all pyrimidines.
Pure Ag (silver) - purines A and G

HIS LARGE ( +VE charged ) GLASS (-ve)histidine , lycine , arginine . glutamate and aspartate

Take My Salary " tryptophan, methionine, and selenocysteine are coded by just one codon

amino acids with aromatic group : HTTP 
Histidine , tryptophan , tyrosine , phenyl alanine
Tender loving care for nancy- thyamine , lipoic acid , Co A , FAD , niacin - coenzymes of PDHsugars containing aldehyde group : FLM GG glucose,galactose,maltose,lactose,fructose

foramen Ovale contents :
OVALE
otic ganglion
V3
accessory meningeal artery
lesser petrosal nerve
emissary vein

Trust Me Tom-3 determinants of occlusion-Teeth,Muscles & TMJ

12 Cranial Nerves: Oh Oh Oh, To Touch and Feel Very Good Velvet, Such Heaven!

Olfactory Optic Oculomoter Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Hypoglossal


Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More''' I – Sensory-- II – Sensory-- III – Motor-- IV – Motor --V – Both-- VI – Motor --VII – Both-- VIII – Sensory-- IX – Both-- X – Both --XI – Motor-- XII – Motor

Branches of Maxillary division (CN V):
 "Ms. Piz-o"....... Middle meningeal Sphenopalatine Posterior superior alveolar InfraOrbital Zygomatic

Magendie foramen is the Medial aperture.
Luschka foramen is the Lateral aperture

Choroid Creates CSF.
Arachnoid granules Absorb CSF.

O God Drunk & Druggy Nanny!!! Thank God Nanny took Huge Vacation!!!!

O God Drunk & Druggy Nanny!!!
5 requirements for occlusal stability-
O: Centric Occlusion,
G: Anterior Guidance,
D: Disclusion of posteriors during protusive movement ,
D: Disclusion of posteriors on non working side,
N: Non interference of posteriors on working side.

Thank God Nanny took Huge Vacation!!!!!
5 requirements for equilibrium of masticatory system-
T: TMJ should be stable,
G: Anterior Guidance,
N: Non interference of posteriors
H: Horizontal harmony (of teeth with neutral zone)
V: Vertical harmony ( of teeth with repetitive strength of closing muscles)

In both of these mnemonics, G & N are common!!My Aunty Reminds My Uncle
Terminal nerves of brachial plexus
Masculocutaneus
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

STYLO-FACE:exit of cranial nerve 7 (FACEial NERVE ) STYLOmastoid foramen
foramen spinosu(Mmmm) contents
(M)iddle meningeal artery and vein
(M)eningeal branch of mandibular nerve

carotid (S)inu(S) -- pre(SS)ure -- (S)tretch receptors
carotid b(O)dy -- (O)xygen -- chem(O)receptors

minor minerals : 2i ( iodine , iron ) , zi , ni , si
streptococci hemolysis:Alpha--Almost(incomplete) Beta--Best (complete) Gamma--Garbage (none)

Crazy Glue (number of hydrogen bonds in DNA and RNA Three between Cytosine and Guanine other base pairing only TWO)

Types of Collagen :SCAB,
Type !:Skin,Bone,tendon ,and dentin. Type II: Connective tissue, Type III: Arteries ,Type IV: Basement membrane

Proteins expressed in smooth muscle
"Can Cause Contraction"
Calmodulin Caldesmon Calponin


dArk - Aband , l I ght - I band
HAZI : H=A band ; Z= I band

sub clavian artery branches ::::
VIT C & D
vertebral artery
internal thoracic artery
thyrocervical trunk
costocervical
dorsal scapular artery

DIG dysphasia ,iron def anemia, glositis
Plummer Vinson s

Contents of pterygopalatine fossa
Poor men naughty people
Pterygopalatine branch of maxillary artery
Maxillary nerve
Nerve of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion


Inferior vena cava tributaries -- I Like To Rise So high Iliacs lumbar testicular renal suprarenal hepatic vein

SOME LADIES FIND ALL OLD POOR MEN SEXY-
branches for external carotid artery
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Auriculotemporal
Occpital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

CCK FUNCTION : CCC-Contraction of Callbladder(Gallbladder )
TC DAD
GINGIVAL GROUP OF FIBRES
TRAnseptal,, circular,, dentogingival ,,dentoperiosteal ,,alveologingival
Facial nerve branches :
The zebra bit my cow
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
 
retroperitoneal viscera is SAD PUCKER, or DUKE CRAPS:S = Suprarenal glands (aka the adrenal glands)A = Aorta/IVCD = Duodenum (second and third segments [some also include the fourth segment] )P = Pancreas (only head, neck, and body are retroperitoneal)U = Ureters C = Colon (only the ascending and descending colons, as transverse and sigmoid retainmesocolon)K = Kidneys E = Esophagus R = Rectum

Eosinophils ( red ) raise red flags when there is worms
picoRNA : RNA virus ( p=polio c=coxsacchie r= rhino a= hep A Virus )

INTERLEUKINS: Famous Tom Buys Expensive Apple, Apple Needs Seasoning Nowdays;
 IL1- Fever, 

 IL2- T proliferation, 

 IL3- Bone marrow(hemopoietic), 

 IL4- IgE class switch,

 IL5- IgA class switch, 

 IL6- Acute Phage Reactants, 

 IL8- Neutrophil chemotaxis,

 IL10- supress inflammation, 

 IL12- NK activation

VIRchow":
Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
Reduced blood flow (stasis)

Alpha-Hemolytic bacteria
Sweet Salad Made for Veterans.
Streptococcus Salivarius.
S.Sanguis
S.Mutans
S.Viridans.

Essential amino acids : PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine , Valine , Tryprophan , Threonine , isoleucine , methionine , histidine ( semiessential ) , arginine ( semi) , lycine , leucine

Non essential amino acids : (A)lmost (a)ll (g)irls (g)o (c)razy (a)fter (g)oing (t)o (s)ao (P)aulo alanine , aspargine , glutamate , glutamate , cysteine , aspartate , glycine , tyrosine , serine , proline

KREBS CYCLE : Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer
Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS:
Skin infections
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Sepsis

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused NIPPLES:
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis
Impetigo
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal Toxic shock syndrome

Sympathetic NS-fight / flight n ParasymNS-rest n digest
Stimulatory function of PNS-mneumonic SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation)

Histoplasmosis Hidden in oHio and hit Mississippi. Hidden ( in macrophages) and occurs in ohio and Mississippi River... so its common in ohio and Mississippiwhat is present in each structure of ethmoid bone  (FLS)
cribri(F)orm plate : ol(F)actory (f)oramina
perpendicu(L)ar p(L)ate : crista ga(LL)i
lateral ma(SS)e(S) : ethmoidal (S)inu(S)e(S)


MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT:
My Little Eye Sits in the ORBIT
Maxilla (frontal process)
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid (body)

CARTILAGE DERIVATIVE OF FIRST PHARYNGEAL ARCH:

I’M A Super Sexy Gini
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
Spine of sphenoid
Sphenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible

kisselback plexus : GLASS
greater palatine artery , lateral nasal artery , anterior ethmoidal artery , sphenopalatine artery , superior labial artery.

PHeochromocytoma: Pressure, and Headache

No Cover Round.....nonmembranous organelles :ribosome cytoskeleton nucleoulus

RNA enveloped viruses" Dont Forget To Order Rich Peoples Rice Fries and Coke Bottle
Delta virus
Flavivrus
Togavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Retrovirus
Paramyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Filovirus
coronavirus
Bunyavirus
Non. enveloped RNA viruses.
CPR : calcivirus , picornavirus , reoviruses

Types of Flavivirus:
To taste the FLAVours of JAPANESE Hen(Chicken) i went to the DEN in the WEST dressed YELLOW "

Flavivirus- Japanese encphlts virus, HCV , dengue virus , West Nile virus , yellow fewer virus

For live accentuated virusROME Is My Best Place To go Yet ! "
Rubella
Oral polio vaccine
Measles
Epidemic typhus
Influenza
Mumps
BCG
Plague
Typhoid oral vaccine
Yellow fever

Except L. DATTA all bacilli r gram -ve (Listeria, diphth,actinomycetes,tb,tetanus clost, anthrax bacillus)to remember conyloma lata and condyloma accuminata
Lata - syphLLis - fLat - pappuLes - L is everywhere

acuminata = accumulated papillae = papilloma virus

Non-Lactose Fermenters:
"If you dont lac-toes you can work as a Sneaky SPY"
Salmonella
Shigella
Proteus
Yersinia

Fast Lactose Fermenters:
"If you lac-toes at least you have a KnEE"
Klebsiella Pneu
Ecoli
Enterobacter Cloacae

Slow Lactose Fermenters:
"Lac-toes or not, one should move slow in a Serene City"
Serratia marcescens
Citrobacter

For heat killed vaccines - How Is Jack In CAR.(Hepatitis A n B , Infleunza , Japenese encephalitis , Ipv , cholera , anthrax , rabies)

AUTOSOMAL Dominant disorders mnemonic

DOMINANT

D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.
O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.
M= Marfans syndrome.
I= Intermittent Porphyria.
N= Noonans Symdrome.
A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.
N= Neurofibromatosis.
T= Tuberous sclerosis.

PANCREATITIS IS SEEN IN ( GET SMASHed)

G-  Gall stones

E-   Ethanol

T-   Trauma

S-    Steroids

M-    Mumps

A-Autoimmune d/s

S -Scorpion sting

Hed-   Hyperlipidemic drugs

mnemonic for the signs and symptoms of endocarditis is FROM JANE:
Fever
Roth's spots
Osler's nodes
Murmur
Janeway lesions
Anemia
Nail hemorrhage (splinter hemorrhages)
Emboli

Beefy red tongue - niacin
Beefy - (n)onveg - (n)iacin def

Magenta tongue - riboflavin
Magenta- (r)ed - (r)iboflavin def

Verisella Zoster Virus needs DR and CARE (VZV remain latent in dorsal root (DR) and Cranial Nerve ganglia (CARE )

Prokaryotes:::
MaRK prokaryotes
Mycoplasm ,Rikettsiae, Klymadia(chylamadia)

Girls Get Fat First, Get Drunk Blowing Psycho Perverted People Perpetually.
1. Glucose
2. Glucose-6-p
3. Fructose-6-p
4. Fructose-1,6-bis-p
5. G3P + Dihydroxyacetone-p
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7. 3-phosphoglycerate
8. 2-phosphoglycerate
9. phosphoenolpyruvate
10. pyruvate.

ABC'S
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk, the left Common Carotid, and the left Subclavian artery

Three trisomies
Puberty age 13 Patau trisomy 13
Election age 18 Edwards trisomy 18
Drinking age 21 Downs syndrome 21

Start and Stop Codons
AUG in AUGurates protein syntesis
UGA = U Go Away
UAA = U Are Away
UAG = U Are Gone

Orbit: bones of medial wall
My Little Eye Sits in the orbit
Maxillae
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

Facial nerve branches VII
1)Posterior auricular
after Stylomastoid foramen-
Twin Zebras Bit My Cookie

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

Carotid sheath contents
"I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein

Enzymes: classification
"Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyase

Organisms which can cross blood-placenta barrier
''TORCHES''
TOxoplasmosis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
HErpes, HIV
Syphilis

DiGeorge/ Velocardiofacial syndrome: features
CATCH 22:
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia

"Go Sally Go! Make Chicken!":
G1 phase (Growth phase 1)
S phase (DNA Synthesis)
G2 phase (Growth phase 2)
M phase (Mitosis)

Macrocytic anemia: causes
ABCDEF:
Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)

Heart valve sequence
"Try Pulling My Aorta":
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
"All Patients Take Medicines"

Starting from top left

Aortic- 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge
Pulomnary- 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge
Tricuspid- 4th Intercostal space, right sternal edge

Mitral- 5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line.
Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia

"PARTNER" together:

Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal Failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission ( as it is an emergency)

Movement of Muscles of Eye Ball
• “OR” means O is on left side and R is on right side at the Top and bottom of diagram.

• LM (alphabet series) – Lateral is on left side and Medial is on right side with R on both side.

• “IS IS” – Clockwise starting above lateral part or from (2nd quadrant).

• All SUPERIOR causes Intorsion, Rest causes Extorsion.

Causes of Deep Vein Thrombosis
THROMBOSIS
Trauma
Hormones - OCP's
Recent MI
Operatns- cholecystectomy
Malignancy (pelvic & abd.)
Blood disorder(polycythemia), Behcets disease
Obesity, Old age, Ortho. surgery
Splenectomy
Immobilisation
Serious illness

WBC Count:
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"
"60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%

live attenuated vaccines

BOYs Love The CRIME

B= BCG

O=OPV

Y=YELLOW FEVER

Love= LIVE ATTENUATED

The= TYPHOID

C=CHICKEN POX

R=RUBELLA

I=INFLUENZA

M=MUMPS,MEASLES

E=EPIDEMIC TYPHUS

Viruses gastroenteritis

(RACE)
Rotavirus
Astroviruses
Caliciviruses
Enteric adenoviruses

Little's area: Arteries
" LEGS "
L - superior L abial artery
E - anterior E thmoidal artery
G - G reater palatine artery
S - S phenopalatine artery
The four arteries anastamose at Little's area to form a
vascular plexus called Kiesselbach's plexus.


Branches of Vagus nerve
"APE-SCRAP"
A- Auricular nerve
P- Pharyngeal nerve
E- Esophageal plexus
S- Superior laryngeal nerve (Gives internal 'sensory' and
external 'motor' LN)
C- Cardiac branches
R- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
A- Anterior Vagal Trunk
P- Posterior Vagal Trunk

Alkalosis: Metabolic changes

Think: "Al-K-loss & Al-
Ca-loss"Thus, in a state
of alkalosis, there is loss
of K+ causing, Hypokalemia andloss of Ca++ causing
Hypocalcemia


Oncogenic viruses :
DNA viruses
'HE is my PAPa' [mnemonic]
Hepatitis B virus
Epstein Barr virus
Pox virus
Adenovirus
Pappilloma virus
RNA viruses [mnemonic]
'His Salary Feeds Me'
Human T cell leukemia virus
Sarcoma viruses
Feline Leukemia virus
Mammary tumor virus

Clinical Features Of Acromegaly:
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J
A Arthropathy B Big boggy hands
C Carpal tunnel syndrome D Diabetes
E Enlarged tongue, heart and throat
F Fields (bitemporal hemianopia)
G Gynaecomastia, Galactorrhoea and Greasy skin
H Hypertension
I Increasing size (of shoes, hat, gloves, dentures, rings)
J Jaw enlargement and prognathism

PORPHYRIA'S : acute intermittent porphyria symptoms
5 P’s:
* Pain in abdomen
* Polyneuropathy
* Psychologial abnormalities
* Pink urine
* Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives,
sulpha drugs)

JazakAllah,
Remember me in your Prayers :)
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